Relação entre indicadores de risco à saúde e componentes do somatótipo consoante atividade física em crianças

Este estudo analisou a relação entre indicadores de risco à saúde e as componentes do somatótipo consoante os níveis de atividade física em crianças. Trata-se de uma pesquisa epidemiológica de base escolar, composta por 168 crianças (6 a 11 anos) de ambos os sexos. Informações demográficas foram obtidas. Avaliações antropométricas (estatura; massa corporal; pregas de adiposidade subcutânea; perímetros do braço contraído, cintura, quadril e panturrilha), pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica, e atividade física (ativo; inativo) foram mensuradas. O somatótipo, razão cintura-quadril e razão cintura-estatura foram calculados. Análise de comparação, correlação e regressão linear múltipla foram realizadas, considerando intervalo de confiança de 95%. Meninos apresentaram maior número de passos, razão cintura-quadril e cintura-estatura. Crianças ativas eram mais velhas, possuíam maior perímetro de cintura, quadril e pressão arterial sistólica. No grupo fisicamente ativo, o sexo esteve associado diretamente ao perímetro de cintura e razão cintura-estatura, enquanto a idade associou-se com a perímetro de quadril e pressão arterial diastólica. Nas crianças inativas, todas as variáveis preditoras (exceto para a variável sexo em relação ao perímetro de quadril) mostraram-se significativas para o perímetro da cintura e quadril, explicando, conjuntamente, ~83% e 85% da expressão destas variáveis, respectivamente. A relação entre indicadores de risco à saúde e as componentes do somatótipo foi maior em crianças inativas. Independentemente do nível de atividade física, a endomorfia mostrou relação significativa com os componentes de saúde, com maior efeito no grupo inativo, tendo em vista a associação com a composição corporal dos sujeitos.

Este estudio analizó la relación entre indicadores de riesgo para la salud y los componentes del somatótipo según los niveles de actividad física en niños. Se trata de una investigación epidemiológica, compuesta por 168 niños (6 a 11 años) de ambos sexos. Fueron mensuradas: evaluaciones antropométricas (estatura; masa corporal; pliegues de adiposidad subcutánea; perímetros del brazo contraído, cintura, cuadril y pantorrilla), presión arterial sistólica y diastólica, y actividad física (activo/inactivo); el somatótipo, a través del cálculo de: razón cintura-cuadril y razón cintura-estatura. Se realizó el análisis de comparación, correlación y regresión lineal múltiple, considerando intervalo de confianza del 95%. Los niños presentaron mayor número de pasos, razón cintura-cuadril y cintura-estatura. Los niños activos eran mayores, tenían mayor perímetro de cintura, cuadril y presión arterial sistólica. En el grupo físicamente activo, el sexo estuvo asociado directamente al perímetro de cintura y razón cintura-estatura, mientras que la edad se asoció con el perímetro de cuadril y presión arterial diastólica. En los niños inactivos, todas las variables predictoras (excepto para la variable sexo con relación al perímetro de cuadril) se mostraron significativas para el perímetro de la cintura y cuadril, explicando, conjuntamente, ~83% y 85% de la expresión de estas variables, respectivamente. La relación entre indicadores de riesgo para la salud y los componentes del somatotipo fue mayor en niños inactivos. Independientemente del nivel de actividad física, la endomorfia mostró una relación significativa con los componentes de salud, con mayor efecto en el grupo inactivo, con vistas a la asociación con la composición corporal de los sujetos.

This study analysed the relationship between health risk indicators and somatotype components according to physical activity levels in children. This epidemiological and school-based research comprised 168 children of both sexes (56% boys), aged between 6 to 11 years. Demographic information (sex, age) was obtained. Anthropometric information (body height; body mass; contracted arm, waist, hip, and calf circumferences), body composition (subcutaneous adiposity and somatotype), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and physical activity level (active; inactive) were measured. The waist-hip ratio and waist-to-height ratio were computed. Comparison, correlation, and multiple linear regression analysis were performed, considering 95% of the confidence interval. Boys presented higher values for physical activity, waist-hip, and waist-to-height ratio. Active children were older, had a larger waist and hip circumference, and higher systolic blood pressure. Among the active group, sex was associated with waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio, while age was associated with hip circumference and diastolic blood pressure. Among inactive children, all predictors (except for sex for hip circumference) were significantly associated with waist and hip circumferences, explaining ≅83% and 85% of the expression of these variables, respectively. The relationship between health risk indicators and somatotype components was higher among inactive children. Regardless of the physical activity level, the endomorphic component shows a significant relationship with health components, with a higher effect among the inactive group, considering the body composition association.

Physical activity in outdoor spaces, sleep quality and general health: a pilot feasibility study.

BACKGROUND: Physical activity and nature exposure provide health benefits. This study aimed to test the feasibility of an intervention designed to examine the effects of environmental quality on physical activity, sleep, and health status. METHODS: In this pilot feasibility study, we included 14 inactive adults from Limerick (Ireland) and Lahti (Finland), recruited using social media. The intervention was an 8-week self-guided programme of physical activity, in which participants were asked to select an outdoor route according to their convenience, engage in physical activity (walking or running) at least three times a week for at least 30 min/session, and record each session using a mobile app. Participants were provided with training sheets, self-adapted according to convenience, in an in-person meeting when detailed information was provided. Reminder messages were sent during the intervention. Time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was measured through an accelerometer over a 9-day measurement period (considering the 50th percentile: >P50, ≤P50). Sleep quality and general health status were self-reported. Measurements were taken in weeks 1 and 8. We analysed differences, between MVPA percentile groups and general sample, in change from week 1 to 8, using χ2 and paired t-tests, with significance at p values lower than 0·05. The study was approved by the ethics committee from the University of Limerick and Satakunta Universities. FINDINGS: 26 adults were enrolled in the study between Oct 3, 2022, and Feb 9, 2023, of whom 18 (69%) were women and eight (31%) were men, with a mean age of 46 years (SD 9·7). 14 (54%) of 26 adults completed the 8-week intervention, of whom 11 were women and three were men, with a mean age of 46 years (SD 10·79). On average, participants performed their training sessions 19 times (mean 19·2, SD 9·4). Mean time in MVPA decreased from 49·7 min (SD 27·0) at week 1 to 46·7 min (32·3) at week 8 (p=0·604); mean health status score increased from 66·43 (SD 26·63) to 68·57 (26·63; p=0·586); and the frequency of good sleepers increased from 50% to 64·3% (p=0·266). In both moments, participants classified in the higher MVPA percentile group (>P50) presented higher mean health status score and higher frequency of good sleepers then those in the lower percentile group (≤P50), although the differences were not significant. INTERPRETATION: Study limitations include the absence of a control group and the sample size. Although results were not significant, they were promising, since it might be an easy and low-cost strategy to increase physical activity with potential impact on public health. Lessons learned led to changes in the design, and a larger multicentre study will be carried out to understand the relationship of the variables in groups performing physical activity in green and "paved" spaces. FUNDING: European Union's Horizon 2020.

The subject-environment interplay between runners from different Brazilian macro-regions.

Purpose: Our purpose was to investigate the interplay between runners and their environment using a network approach. Methods: This cross-sectional study sampled Brazilian runners of both sexes, from the five macro-regions of the country. An electronic questionnaire was used to obtain information regarding age, sex, training volume, socio-economic level, place of residence, and running pace. Environmental indicators (public illumination, pavement, sidewalk, and green areas) were collected from available public information. Descriptive statistics were presented in mean (SD), and frequency (%). A network analysis was performed to evaluate the association between individual and environmental characteristics. Statistical analyses were performed in the JASP, considering p < 0.05. Results: At North and Mid-West regions, public illumination presents the highest values for the expected influence (1.74 and 1.56), while in Northeast and Southeast, sidewalks present the highest values (2.13; 0.91). For betweenness centrality, in North, Northeast, and Mid-West regions, residency in the capital of a state presented a hub. In contrast, pavement, and training volume present higher values in the South and Southeast. Network topologies are different. Conclusion: Public illumination (North and Mid-West) and sidewalk (Northeast, Southeast) were the most important variables for runners. Continental size countries need specific approaches to improve physical activity levels and health outcomes that consider the cultural, historical, and environmental background.

Beyond the border of the athlete-centered approach: a model to understand runners' performance.

Our purpose is to move beyond the borders of the athlete-centered approach by examining the runners' environment interplay as a key factor for performance. Based on the ecological systems theory, the micro-level (intrapersonal, interpersonal, and training characteristics), meso-level (a direct association with athletes is not observed, but the environment plays an influence on the relationships built at the micro-level), and macro-level (contextual features that influence athletic systems) were theorized and contextualized as important factors for the expression of different outcomes, including performance and participation. We also conceptualized the microtime, mesotime, and macrotime as a constraint. Through this model, we aimed to provide applications and conclusions about how this conceptual model provides advances in the scientific research field. By understanding how environmental factors influence their performance, runners can make informed decisions about where and how to train and compete. Furthermore, by recognizing the role of culture and social context in shaping runners' experiences and outcomes, we can work toward creating a more equitable and supportive running culture for all.

The frequency and performance trends of European countries in the U18 and U20 rankings for 1500 m and 3000 m between 2009-2020.

We purpose to determine the nationality of the European middle-distance athletes under 18 years (U18) and under 20 years (U20) during the last decade, to verify the participation trend for each country, and to assess whether the place of competition can be associated with the athletes ranking position. The sample comprised 902 European male runners, ranked among the best finishers from 2009 to 2020. The athletes were divided into two categories (nU18 â€‹= â€‹266; and nU20 â€‹= â€‹636) of two distances (n1 500 â€‹m â€‹= â€‹397; n3 000 â€‹m â€‹= â€‹505). The Mantel test was used for participation trend and the Chi-square test (χ2) was used to verify differences between the ranking position and the place of competition. For both distances, the highest number of athletes were from Spain (n = 127), followed by Turkey (n = 62) and Great Britain (n = 50). No significant trends were shown for most of the countries, in both distances. A positive trend was shown for Slovenia (i.e., 3000 â€‹m) over the years. A non-significant association was verified between the countries and the ranking position, as non-significant differences were proved for the place of competition. This information may be useful to guide athlete development programs in each country.

Mental Health in Ultra-Endurance Runners: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Among ultra-endurance runners (UER), the mental, behavioral, and physical demands of training/competition can result in maladaptive outcomes. Mental health issues are common in athletes and can impact psychology, physical health, and performance. OBJECTIVE: To synthesize information regarding the incidence/prevalence and factors associated with mental health issues among UER. METHODS: Systematic searches were performed in PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, Cochrane databases, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Medline Ovid using key terms related to UER (e.g., trail running, road running) and psychological issues (e.g., exercise addiction, depression). Inclusion criteria included original articles published in peer-reviewed journals in English, using qualitative or quantitative approaches. We considered papers reporting incidence/prevalence and associated factors with mental health outcomes in UER of both sexes, all ages, and levels of competition (e.g., elite, nonprofessional runners). The Joanna Briggs Institute Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies critical appraisal tool was used for quality assessment. RESULTS: A total of 282 studies were identified, and 11 studies were included in the final selection. A total of 3670 UER were included in the studies. The prevalence of mental health issues among UER ranged between 32.0% and 62.5% for eating disorders, from 11.5% to 18.2% for exercise addiction, 18.6% for depressive symptoms, and 24.5% for sleep disturbance. Exercise addiction was not related to weekly volume, but a strong relationship with exercise in an unstructured space, age, and body mass index was shown. CONCLUSION: Mental health issues among UER are common, especially eating disorders, exercise addiction, sleep disturbances, and depressive symptoms. Further high-quality studies are needed to examine underlying factors and find preventative strategies to protect UER. REGISTRATION: The protocol of this systematic review was registered at the PROSPERO-CRD42022338743.

The birthplace and relative age effects in Brazilian olympic athletes: a cross-national comparison.

Purpose: Our purpose was to verify the existence of birthplace and relative age effect (RAE), as well as the association between birthplace effect and RAE among Brazilian athletes competing in the Olympic Games. Methods: Data included information about Brazilian Summer Olympic athletes from 1920 to 2021. To investigate RAE, athletes' birthdate was distributed into birth quartiles (Q1: Jan-Mar; Q2: Apr-Jun; Q3: Jul-Sep; Q4: Oct-Dec), while birthplace effect was assessed considering the state and the region (Southeast; Northeast; South; North; and Midwest) of birth. The Chi-square test (χ2) was used to verify differences between the birthplace effect and RAE. Results: The sample consisted of 388 Brazilian athletes of both sexes, distributed in 38 sports modalities from 23 Brazilian states (Southeast = 66.5%; South = 14.4%; Northeast = 12.1%; North = 1.5%; Midwest = 5.4%). For both sexes, most of the athletes were from the São Paulo state (37.4%), followed by Rio de Janeiro (18.3%), both from the Southeast region. For birthdate distribution according to birthplace, it was observed that the North region presented the highest frequency of athletes born in Q1 (50%), followed by the Northeast and Southeast regions. No significant differences were found for the birthplace effect (χ2 = 5.69, value of p = 0.128) and RAE between sexes (χ2 = 0.530, value of p = 0.912), nor was shown an association between the birthplace effect and RAE. Conclusion: Most Brazilian Olympic athletes are from the Southeast region, but no RAE was established regarding their birthplace. Results from the present study can guide sports public policies in Brazilian regions, especially in the Midwest, North, and Northeast regions, which are underrepresented in Brazilian high-performance sports.

Effects of two years of physically active lessons on cognitive indicators in children.

Our purpose was to evaluate the effect of physically active lessons (PAL) on the cognitive performance of children during two years of follow-up. Four classes (second grade of elementary school) were divided into two intervention classes (n = 34) and two control classes (n = 27). Evaluations were performed before the intervention (M1), after 3 (M2) and 9 (M3) months in the 1st year, and 14 (M4) and 18 (M5) months in the 2nd year. The intervention was based on PAL integrated with the curricular components, which stimulated the children to stand or move in the classroom. Cognitive performance was evaluated using three computerized tests for response inhibition, selective attention, and cognitive flexibility. The children in the intervention classes presented improved cognitive performance in the execution of all tasks along the two years follow-up, in both correct answers and time reactions, with exception of correct answers of visual search. For the intervention classes, in most of the tasks, the mean differences confidence interval of 95% did not include the 0 on the two last moments of evaluation, and in all cases, the mean differences of them between M1 versus M5 were significantly different with high values of effect size (cohen -d > 1). PAL promotes modest improvements in diverse cognitive functions in children.

InTrack project - Theoretical framework, design, and methods: A study protocol.

Sports performance is the result of a complex interaction between individual and environmental factors. The purpose of this paper is to explain the methods used in the InTrack Project, a cross-sectional and cross-cultural project developed to investigate the variance in the performance of runners from different countries and to understand whether the differences in the performance can be explained by micro-level (athletes characteristics and proximal environment), meso-level (the distal environment that plays a relevant role on the relationships established at micro-level), and the macro-level (environmental features that shape countries characteristics). The sample will be comprised of runners, of both sexes, from four countries. Data collection will be performed in two steps: i) Individual information and ii) Country-level information. At the individual level, data will be obtained from an online survey. At the country level, characteristics data will be obtained from the secondary data available (demographic, social, and economic variables). Statistical procedures expected to be used include multilevel analysis, latent class analysis, addictive and multiplicative interaction in regression models. This wealth of information is of relevance to fill gaps regarding the existence of variables to connect different levels of information, and to provide scientific support about environmental characteristics important to predict runners' performance within and between countries.

How Do Health, Biological, Behavioral, and Cognitive Variables Interact over Time in Children of Both Sexes? A Complex Systems Approach.

The present study examined gender differences in health, physical activity, physical fitness, real and perceived motor competence, and executive function indicators in three time points, and analyzed the dynamic and non-linear association between health, biological, behavioral, and cognitive variables in children followed over time. A total of 67 children (aged between six and 10 years) were followed during two years and split into two cohorts (six to eight years old: C1; eight to 10 years old: C2). Data regarding health, physical activity, real and perceived motor competence, physical fitness, and executive function indicators were obtained according to their respective protocols. Comparison tests and network analysis were estimated. Significant gender differences were found in both cohorts. The emerged networks indicated different topologies in both cohorts. No clusters were observed between the variables in C1, and there was a greater number of interactions at eight years of age. Sparse networks were observed in children aged eight and 10 years in C2, and greater connectivity was observed at nine years of age between health, physical fitness, motor competence, and physical activity indicators. This study showed that there are non-linear dynamic relationships between health, biological, behavioral, and cognitive variables over time during child development.

The Relative Importance of Training and Social Support for Runners' Performance: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Running participation/performance is a complex system. Understanding the variables associated with these behaviors may help to increase population physical activity and improve performance. This study aimed to investigate social and training variables important for running performance using a network approach. METHODS: This cross-sectional study sampled 1151 non-professional Brazilian runners of both sexes (women, 38.2%; men, 61.7%). A questionnaire was available for eligible participants using an online platform, and information regarding training (volume and running pace) and social variables (participation in a running event, participation in a running group, influence on running, runners in the family, and childhood sport) related to runners' performance was obtained. The Chi-square test and network model were estimated by sex. RESULTS: Training characteristics tend to be clustered. For both sexes, the training volume node presented the highest expected influence in the network (1.69 for women and 2.16 for men). Centrality indicators of social variables show that sports childhood participation and the presence of runners in the family were the most important nodes of network connection for women and men, respectively. CONCLUSION: Based on these findings, it was concluded that sports participation during childhood and the practice of running by other family members were important factors to connect variables in the network. These findings have practical applications for health policymakers, highlighting the need to develop educational programs to increase sports participation during childhood and within families.

Movement Behaviour and Health Outcomes in Rural Children: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Studies with rural children are limited, and results are divergent regarding the information on movement behaviours. PURPOSE: to (i) describe the physical activity and sedentary behaviour in children; (ii) synthetize the year and place of publication, methodological quality, and instruments used to measure physical activity and sedentary behaviour; and (iii) to analyse the relationship between physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and health outcomes in these children. METHODS: We use the databases PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, Virtual Health Library, and SciELO, considering papers published until October 2021. A total of 12,196 studies were identified, and after the exclusion of duplicate, title and abstract screening, and the full-text assessment, a total of 68 were included in the study. RESULTS: A cross-sectional design was dominant among the studies, with sample sizes ranging from 23 to 44,631 children of both sexes. One-third of the studies were conducted in North America and Europe, and most of them used device-based measurements. Inequalities were observed regarding sex, age, economic level, race, and physical activity domains within and between the places of residence. Sociodemographic characteristics were also related to health outcomes for children living in rural and urban areas. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to increase the evidence on movement behaviours among children living in the countries of South America and Oceania, as well as to increase the level of evidence on the role of school for physical activity in children in rural areas, given the inconsistent findings.

A macro to micro analysis to understand performance in 100-mile ultra-marathons worldwide.

The purposes of this study were (i) to describe differences in participation in 100-mile ultra-marathons by continent; (ii) to investigate differences in performance between continents; and (iii) to identify the fastest runners by continent and country. Data from 148,169 athletes (119,408 men), aged 18-81 years, and finishers in a 100-miles ultra-marathon during 1870-2020 were investigated. Information about age, gender, origin, performance level (top three, top 10, top 100) was obtained. Kruskal-Wallis tests and linear regressions were performed. Athletes were mostly from America and Europe. A macro-analysis showed that the fastest men runners were from Africa, while the fastest women runners were from Europe and Africa. Women from Sweden, Hungary and Russia presented the best performances in the top three, top 10 and top 100. Men from Brazil, Russia and Lithuania were the fastest. The lowest performance and participation were observed for runners from Asia. In summary, in 100-miles ultra-marathon running, the majority of athletes were from America, but for both sexes and performance levels, the fastest runners were from Africa. On a country level, the fastest women were from Sweden, Hungary and Russia, while the fastest men were from Brazil, Russia and Lithuania.

Two-Year Effectiveness of a Controlled Trial With Physically Active Lessons on Behavioral Indicators of School Children.

Purpose: In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of two years of an intervention with physically active lessons on indicators of sedentary behavior and physical activity measured objectively in elementary school children. Methods: A controlled clinical trial with cluster sampling was carried out in 2018 and 2019, with four classes of children in the 2nd year of elementary school. The intervention group classes received dynamic activities linked to the pedagogical content (n = 34) for 2 years. The indicators of sedentary behavior and physical activities were evaluated using ActivPal and ActiGraph GT3X accelerometers during the school shift. Crude and adjusted models of Generalized Estimation Equations with Bonferroni's post hoc were used to identify the differences between the groups (three evaluations in 2018 and two evaluations in 2019). Results: There was a reduction in stationary behavior (p = .01) and an increase in light physical activity (p = .044) during the two years. In the first year there were reductions in standing time (p = .044) and number of transitions (p ≤ .001), and an increase in walking time (p = .017). However, in the second year, the mean differences in percentage points were smaller than in the first year. No differences were found for sitting time as well as for moderate and vigorous physical activity. We observed a large effect size for all variables. Conclusions: The introduction of physically active lessons in the classroom reduced time in stationary behavior and increased time in light physical activity. However, the effects on behavior observed in the first year were not maintained in the second year of intervention.

Top 10 International Priorities for Physical Fitness Research and Surveillance Among Children and Adolescents: A Twin-Panel Delphi Study.

BACKGROUND: The measurement of physical fitness has a history that dates back nearly 200 years. Recently, there has been an increase in international research and surveillance on physical fitness creating a need for setting international priorities that could help guide future efforts. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to produce a list of the top 10 international priorities for research and surveillance on physical fitness among children and adolescents. METHODS: Using a twin-panel Delphi method, two independent panels consisting of 46 international experts were identified (panel 1 = 28, panel 2 = 18). The panel participants were asked to list up to five priorities for research or surveillance (round 1), and then rated the items from their own panel on a 5-point Likert scale of importance (round 2). In round 3, experts were asked to rate the priorities identified by the other panel. RESULTS: There was strong between-panel agreement (panel 1: rs = 0.76, p < 0.01; panel 2: rs = 0.77, p < 0.01) in the priorities identified. The list of the final top 10 priorities included (i) "conduct longitudinal studies to assess changes in fitness and associations with health". This was followed by (ii) "use fitness surveillance to inform decision making", and (iii) "implement regular and consistent international/national fitness surveys using common measures". CONCLUSIONS: The priorities identified in this study provide guidance for future international collaborations and research efforts on the physical fitness of children and adolescents over the next decade and beyond.

An analysis of the São Silvestre race between 2007-2021: An increase in participation but a decrease in performance.

This study aimed to investigate the trends of finishers in the São Silvestre race in Brazil, taking into account sex, age, and performance levels. A total of 31 â€‹775 runners (women, n â€‹= â€‹13 â€‹847; men, n â€‹= â€‹17 â€‹928), aged (45.2 â€‹± â€‹16.8) years, finishers in the São Silvestre race between 2007 and 2021, were considered in the present analysis. Data (event year, date of birth, sex, and race times) were downloaded from the official race website. The man-Whitney U test, Spearman correlation, and robust regression model were computed. Participation increased over time for both sexes. Regarding age groups, "31-40 years" (women) and "> 60 years" (men) were those with the highest number of finishers. We found a decrease in performance across the years (ߠ​= â€‹2.45; p â€‹< â€‹0.005), as well as significant differences in race times for both sexes (U â€‹= â€‹42.844; p â€‹< â€‹0.001), with men presenting better performances than women. Over time, it was observed an increase in the performance gap between the sexes, but in general, the performance decreased (ߠ​= â€‹1.76; p â€‹< â€‹0.001). Stakeholders should consider improving the strategies to improve women and young people's participation in running events.

Perspectives on Movement and Eating Behaviours in Brazilian Elderly: An Analysis of Clusters Associated with Disease Outcomes.

Aging is a biological process, which is usually associated with health-related problems, which are related to some behaviours, such as those related to movement and eating habits. So, the purpose of the present study was to identify the clustering of behavioural and eating habits related to non-communicable disease in Brazilian elderly, and to estimate the association of these profiles with overweight/obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. This is a cross-sectional based-population study, which sample comes from the VIGITEL 2019 survey. The sample comprised 23,327 subjects (16,295 women), mean age of 71 years. Sociodemographic and anthropometric data (i.e., age, sex, body weight, and body height), health-related information (i.e., eating habits, physical activity and sedentary behaviour, and alcohol consumption), health status and morbidity (diabetes and hypertension) were self-reported. Latent Classes Analysis, and binary logistic regression were performed, considering p<0.05. Results showed that two different classes were identified. Those called as "TV viewer, but no unhealthy diet" presented more chances to have hypertension (OR: 1.213; 95%CI: 1.064-1.382) and diabetes (OR: 1.365; 95%CI: 1.157-1.610), when compared to their peers called as "healthy diet and active". Age, educational level, and sex were associated with hypertension and diabetes. In conclusion, a better health clustered-behaviour was associated with better disease outcomes in Brazilian elderly population.

Fear of failure in Brazilian runners.

This study aims to investigate the fear or failure (FoF) in Brazilian runners of both sex, performance levels and age categories, as well as to verify the relationship between FoF and socioeconomic status (SES). Sample size as composed by 916. Age, sex, body height, body weight, SES, and running pace were self-reported. The Multidimensional Questionnaire of FoF was applied in an online platform. Running pace, and SES were categorized and processed through multivariate analysis and Spearman correlations, with the p-value set at 0.05. Female runners with better performance (2.13 ± 0.74) and younger (2.16 ± 0.80), as a well as male runners with worse performance (2.04 ± 0.69) and older (2.04 ± 0.89) presented the highest values of FoF. Among women, SES was negatively associated with FoF (r = -0.144; p = 0.006), while a positive association between running pace and SES was observed among men (r = 0.290; p < 0.001). Non-professional Brazilian runners presented low values of FoF.

Is there stability in the performance of elite half-marathoners?

The purpose of this study was to investigate the performance stability of elite half-marathoners of both sexes. The study was composed of 24 elite athletes (12 female and 12 male), ranked among the Senior World TOP20 half-marathoners, who completed a half-marathon race for at least three consecutive years. Tracking was tested using autocorrelations and Kappa Cohen. Autocorrelation revealed a significant association, but a decrease in correlation among the years in both sexes. The overall weighted kappa showed lower stability in performance for both sexes (K â€‹= â€‹0.191 and K â€‹= â€‹-0.245) than for males. These findings suggest that both female and male elite half-marathoners showed low stability in performance during three events. Besides that, athletes with a better performance tended to present the highest performance stability. It is recommended that coaches track the developmental trajectories of the athletes to comprised the changes in performance across the years, as to provide environmental characteristics that can influence performance.

Asociación entre comportamientos de riesgo y sobrepeso en adolescentes: análisis de clases latentes / Association between risk behaviors and overweight in adolescents: a latent classes analysis / Associação entre comportamentosde risco e excesso de peso em adolescentes: análise de classes latentes

RESUMEN Este estudio tuvo como objetivo describir la agregación de comportamientos del estilo de vida en adolescentes brasileños e identificar la asociación de estas agregaciones con el exceso de peso. Se ha utilizado información sobre el consumo alimentario, tiempo frente a la televisión y práctica de actividad física de una muestra compuesta por 14141 adolescentes, de ambos sexos, con edades entre 11 y 17 años, procedente de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud del Escolar (2015), que fueron divididos en tres clases: físicamente activos (FA), comportamiento de riesgo (CR) e inactivos físicamente con alimentación saludable (IA). Los resultados mostraron que las niñas y adolescentes mayores tienen menos probabilidades de desarrollar exceso de peso en comparación con los niños y adolescentes más jóvenes, así como los sujetos pertenecientes a la clase CR, que tienen menos probabilidades de presentar exceso de peso, mientras que los adolescentes de clase IA tienen más probabilidades en comparación con la FA. Se puede concluir que la adopción de hábitos saludables parece ejercer una influencia importante en cuanto al resultado de sobrepeso, ya que, no obstante, la adopción de alimentación "no saludable" es prevalente en la clase CR, los niveles de actividad física se asemejan a la clase FA, que puede mitigar los efectos de los comportamientos negativos relacionados con la alimentación.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to describe the cluster of lifestyle behaviors among Brazilian adolescents and to identify the association of these clusters with overweight. Information related to food consumption, TV time and physical activity were used, from a sample of 14141 adolescents of both sexes, aged between 11 and 17 years, from the National School Health Survey (2015), who were split into three classes: physically active (FA), risky behavior (CR), and physically inactive with healthy eating (AI). Results showed that girls and older adolescents have less chances to be overweight when compared to boys and younger adolescents, respectively. Moreover, subjects classified as CR have less chances of being overweight, whereas those classified as AI are more prone to be overweight compared to those belonging to FA class. We conclude that the adoption of healthy habits seems to be of relevance in the expression of overweight, because although the high prevalence of "unhealthy" diet among subjects from the CR class, their physical activity levels are similar to their peers from the FA class, which may mitigate the impacts unhealthy behaviors associated with food consumption.

RESUMO Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever a agregação de comportamentos de estilo de vida em adolescentes brasileiros e identificar a associação dessas agregações com o excesso de peso. Informações sobre consumo alimentar, tempo em frente à televisão e prática de atividade física de uma amostra composta por 14141 adolescentes, de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 11 e 17 anos, da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (2015), que foram divididos em três classes: fisicamente ativo (AF), comportamento de risco (CR) e fisicamente inativo com alimentação saudável (IA). Os resultados mostraram que meninas e adolescentes mais velhos são menos propensos a desenvolver excesso de peso em comparação com crianças e adolescentes mais novos, assim como os sujeitos pertencentes à classe CR, que são menos propensos ao excesso de peso, enquanto os adolescentes da classe IA são mais propensos em relação aos AF. Pode-se concluir que a adoção de hábitos saudáveis parece ter influência importante no resultado do excesso de peso, pois, no entanto, a adoção de dietas "não saudáveis" é prevalente na classe CR, os níveis de atividade física são semelhantes aos da classe AF, o que pode atenuar os efeitos de comportamentos negativos relacionados à alimentação.